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<p>python最基本的数据结构是序列，索引、切片、相加、相乘和成员资格是序列的通用操作</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="一、Numbers（数字）"><a href="#一、Numbers（数字）" class="headerlink" title="一、Numbers（数字）"></a>一、Numbers（数字）</h4><h6 id="不可改变的数据类型"><a href="#不可改变的数据类型" class="headerlink" title="不可改变的数据类型"></a>不可改变的数据类型</h6><ul>
<li>当其类型被改变时，将会赋值给一个新的对象。当对变量赋予了数值后，这个对象就会被创建，可通过del语句删除对这些对象的引用。</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="支持的数字类型"><a href="#支持的数字类型" class="headerlink" title="支持的数字类型"></a>支持的数字类型</h6><ul>
<li>int（有符号整型，如0x69，10）</li>
<li>long（长整型[也可以代表八进制和十六进制]，如-4721885298529L，Python用数字后面的L表示长整型）</li>
<li>float（浮点型，如70.2E-12）</li>
<li>complex（复数，如4.53e-7j）</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="数据类型转换"><a href="#数据类型转换" class="headerlink" title="数据类型转换"></a>数据类型转换</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">函数</th>
<th align="left">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left">int(x [,base ])</td>
<td align="left">将x转换为一个整数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">long(x [,base ])</td>
<td align="left">将x转换为一个长整数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">float(x )</td>
<td align="left">将x转换到一个浮点数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">complex(real [,imag ])</td>
<td align="left">创建一个复数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">str(x )</td>
<td align="left">将对象 x 转换为字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">repr(x )</td>
<td align="left">将对象 x 转换为表达式字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">eval(str )</td>
<td align="left">用来计算在字符串中的有效Python表达式,并返回一个对象</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">tuple(s )</td>
<td align="left">将序列 s 转换为一个元组</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">list(s )</td>
<td align="left">将序列 s 转换为一个列表</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">chr(x )</td>
<td align="left">将一个整数转换为一个字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">unichr(x )</td>
<td align="left">将一个整数转换为Unicode字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">ord(x )</td>
<td align="left">将一个字符转换为它的整数值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">hex(x )</td>
<td align="left">将一个整数转换为一个十六进制字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">oct(x )</td>
<td align="left">将一个整数转换为一个八进制字符串</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="数学函数math"><a href="#数学函数math" class="headerlink" title="数学函数math"></a>数学函数math</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>函数</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>abs(x)</td>
<td>返回数字的绝对值，如abs(-10) 返回 10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ceil(x)</td>
<td>返回数字的向上取整值，如math.ceil(4.1) 返回 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cmp(x, y)</td>
<td>比较函数，如果 x &lt; y 返回 -1, 如果 x == y 返回 0, 如果 x &gt; y 返回 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>exp(x)</td>
<td>返回e的x次幂(ex),如math.exp(1) 返回2.718281828459045</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fabs(x)</td>
<td>返回数字的绝对值，如math.fabs(-10) 返回10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>floor(x)</td>
<td>返回向下取整值，如math.floor(4.9)返回 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>log(x)</td>
<td>如math.log(math.e)返回1.0,math.log(100,10)返回2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>log10(x)</td>
<td>返回以10为基数的x的对数，如math.log10(100)返回 2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>max(x1, x2,…)</td>
<td>返回给定参数的最大值，参数可以为序列</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>min(x1, x2,…)</td>
<td>返回给定参数的最小值，参数可以为序列</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>modf(x)</td>
<td>返回x的整数部分与小数部分，两部分的数值符号与x相同，整数部分以浮点型表示。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pow(x, y)</td>
<td>x**y 运算后的值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>round(x [,n])</td>
<td>返回浮点数x的四舍五入值，如给出n值，则代表舍入到小数点后的位数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sqrt(x)</td>
<td>返回数字x的平方根</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="随机数函数random"><a href="#随机数函数random" class="headerlink" title="随机数函数random"></a>随机数函数random</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>函数</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>choice(seq)</td>
<td>从序列的元素中随机挑选一个元素，比如random.choice(range(10))，从0到9中    随机挑选一个整数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>randrange ([start,] stop [,step])</td>
<td>从指定范围内，按指定基数递增的集合中获取一个随机数，基数缺省值为1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>random()</td>
<td>随机生成下一个实数，它在[0,1)范围内。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>seed([x])</td>
<td>改变随机数生成器的种子seed。如果你不了解其原理，你不必特别去设定seed，Python会帮你选择seed。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>shuffle(lst)</td>
<td>将序列的所有元素随机排序</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>uniform(x, y)</td>
<td>随机生成下一个实数，它在[x,y]范围内。</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="三角函数"><a href="#三角函数" class="headerlink" title="三角函数"></a>三角函数</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>函数</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>acos(x)</td>
<td>返回x的反余弦弧度值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>asin(x)</td>
<td>返回x的反正弦弧度值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>atan(x)</td>
<td>返回x的反正切弧度值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>atan2(y, x)</td>
<td>返回给定的 X 及 Y 坐标值的反正切值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cos(x)</td>
<td>返回x的弧度的余弦值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>hypot(x, y)</td>
<td>返回欧几里德范数 sqrt(x<em>x + y</em>y)。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sin(x)</td>
<td>返回的x弧度的正弦值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tan(x)</td>
<td>返回x弧度的正切值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>degrees(x)</td>
<td>将弧度转换为角度,如degrees(math.pi/2) ， 返回90.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>radians(x)</td>
<td>将角度转换为弧度</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="Python数学常量"><a href="#Python数学常量" class="headerlink" title="Python数学常量"></a>Python数学常量</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>常量</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>pi</td>
<td>数学常量 pi（圆周率，一般以π来表示）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>e</td>
<td>数学常量 e，e即自然常数（自然常数）</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 id="二、String（字符串）"><a href="#二、String（字符串）" class="headerlink" title="二、String（字符串）"></a>二、String（字符串）</h4><h6 id="字符串截取"><a href="#字符串截取" class="headerlink" title="字符串截取"></a>字符串截取</h6><ul>
<li>字符串从左至右截取：索引范围（0，长度-1），从右至左截取（-1，字符串开头）</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="不存在单字符"><a href="#不存在单字符" class="headerlink" title="不存在单字符"></a>不存在单字符</h6><ul>
<li>Python中即使有单字符，也会被当作字符串处理。</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="Python转义字符"><a href="#Python转义字符" class="headerlink" title="Python转义字符"></a>Python转义字符</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>逃逸符</th>
<th>意义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>\</td>
<td>出现在行尾时表现为续行符，出现在行中时，用于“翻译”特殊字符表示特殊含义，如下面选项所示</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\ \</td>
<td>反斜杠符号</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\ ‘</td>
<td>单引号</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\ “</td>
<td>双引号</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\a</td>
<td>响铃</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\b</td>
<td>退格(Backspace)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\e</td>
<td>转义</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\000</td>
<td>空</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>\n</strong></td>
<td>换行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\v</td>
<td>纵向制表符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\t</td>
<td>横向制表符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\r</td>
<td>回车</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\f</td>
<td>换页</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\oyy</td>
<td>八进制数，yy代表的字符，例如：\o12代表换行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\xyy</td>
<td>十六进制数，yy代表的字符，例如：\x0a代表换行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\other</td>
<td>其它的字符以普通格式输出</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="字符串运算"><a href="#字符串运算" class="headerlink" title="字符串运算"></a>字符串运算</h6><blockquote>
<p>下表实例变量 a 值为字符串 “Hello”，b 变量值为 “Python”：</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>操作符</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>+</td>
<td>字符串连接</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>*</td>
<td>重复输出字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[]</td>
<td>通过索引获取字符串中字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[ : ]</td>
<td>截取字符串中的一部分</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>in</td>
<td>成员运算符 - 如果字符串中包含给定的字符返回 True</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>not in</td>
<td>成员运算符 - 如果字符串中不包含给定的字符返回 True</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>r/R</td>
<td>原始字符串 - 原始字符串：所有的字符串都是直接按照字面的意思来使用，没有转义特殊或不能打印的字符。 原始字符串除在字符串的第一个引号前加上字母”r”（可以大小写）以外，与普通字符串有着几乎完全相同的语法。</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">a='hello'

b='world'

print(a+b)          #helloworld，+号连接字符串

print(a*2)          #hellohello，*号重复字符串

print(a[1])         #e，[]索引字符

print(a[1:4])       #ell，[:]截取字符串

print("h" in a)     #True，in是否包含

print("M" not in a) #True，not in是否不包含

print(r'\n')        #\n，r原始字符串（不解析转义字符）<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h6 id="字符串格式化"><a href="#字符串格式化" class="headerlink" title="字符串格式化"></a>字符串格式化</h6><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">print("My name is %s and weight is %d kg!" % ('Zara', 21) )

输出：

  My name is Zara and weight is 21 kg!<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">符 号</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left">%c</td>
<td>格式化字符及其ASCII码</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%s</td>
<td>格式化字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%d</td>
<td>格式化整数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%u</td>
<td>格式化无符号整型</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%o</td>
<td>格式化无符号八进制数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%x</td>
<td>格式化无符号十六进制数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%X</td>
<td>格式化无符号十六进制数（大写）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%f</td>
<td>格式化浮点数字，可指定小数点后的精度</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%e</td>
<td>用科学计数法格式化浮点数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%E</td>
<td>作用同%e，用科学计数法格式化浮点数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%g</td>
<td>%f和%e的简写</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%G</td>
<td>%f 和 %E的简写</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">%p</td>
<td>用十六进制数格式化变量的地址</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="字符串的方法"><a href="#字符串的方法" class="headerlink" title="字符串的方法"></a>字符串的方法</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>方法</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>string.capitalize()</td>
<td>把字符串的第一个字符大写</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.casefold()</td>
<td>返回经过标准化的字符串，类似转换为小写，更容易不区分大小写的比较</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.center(width)</td>
<td>返回一个原字符串居中,并使用空格填充至长度 width 的新字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.count(str, beg=0, end=len(string))</td>
<td>返回 str 在 string 里面出现的次数，如果 beg 或者 end 指定则返回指定范围内 str 出现的次数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>string.decode</strong>(encoding=’UTF-8’, errors=’strict’)</td>
<td>以 encoding 指定的编码格式解码 string，如果出错默认报一个 ValueError 的 异 常 ， 除 非 errors 指 定 的 是 ‘ignore’ 或 者’replace’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>string.encode</strong>(encoding=’UTF-8’, errors=’strict’)</td>
<td>以 encoding 指定的编码格式编码 string，如果出错默认报一个ValueError 的异常，除非 errors 指定的是’ignore’或者’replace’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.endswith(obj, beg=0, end=len(string))</td>
<td>检查字符串是否以 obj 结束，如果beg 或者 end 指定则检查指定的范围内是否以 obj 结束，如果是，返回 True,否则返回 False.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.expandtabs(tabsize=8)</td>
<td>把字符串 string 中的 tab 符号转为空格，tab 符号默认的空格数是 8。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>string.find</strong>(str, beg=0, end=len(string))</td>
<td>检测 str 是否包含在 string 中，如果 beg 和 end 指定范围，则检查是否包含在指定范围内，如果是返回开始的索引值，否则返回-1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>string.format</strong>()</td>
<td>格式化字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>string.index</strong>(str, beg=0, end=len(string))</td>
<td>跟find()方法一样，只不过如果str不在 string中会报一个异常.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.isalnum()</td>
<td>如果 string 至少有一个字符并且所有字符都是字母或数字则返回 True,否则返回 False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.isalpha()</td>
<td>如果 string 至少有一个字符并且所有字符都是字母则返回 True,否则返回 False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.isdecimal()</td>
<td>如果 string 只包含十进制数字则返回 True 否则返回 False.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.isdigit()</td>
<td>如果 string 只包含数字则返回 True 否则返回 False.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.isidentifier()</td>
<td>检查字符串是否可作为标识符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.islower()</td>
<td>如果 string 中包含至少一个区分大小写的字符，并且所有这些(区分大小写的)字符都是小写，则返回 True，否则返回 False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.isnumeric()</td>
<td>如果 string 中只包含数字字符，则返回 True，否则返回 False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.isprintable()</td>
<td>检测字符串中字符是否都可以打印</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.isspace()</td>
<td>如果 string 中只包含空格，则返回 True，否则返回 False.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.istitle()</td>
<td>如果 string 是标题化的(见 title())则返回 True，否则返回 False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.isupper()</td>
<td>如果 string 中包含至少一个区分大小写的字符，并且所有这些(区分大小写的)字符都是大写，则返回 True，否则返回 False</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>string.join</strong>(seq)</td>
<td>以 string 作为分隔符，将 seq 中所有的元素(的字符串表示)合并为一个新的字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.ljust(width)</td>
<td>返回一个原字符串左对齐,并使用空格填充至长度 width 的新字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.lower()</td>
<td>转换 string 中所有大写字符为小写.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.lstrip()</td>
<td>截掉 string 左边的空格</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.maketrans(intab, outtab])</td>
<td>maketrans() 方法用于创建字符映射的转换表，对于接受两个参数的最简单的调用方式，第一个参数是字符串，表示需要转换的字符，第二个参数也是字符串表示转换的目标。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>max(str)</td>
<td>返回字符串 str 中最大的字母。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>min(str)</td>
<td>返回字符串 str 中最小的字母。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.partition(str)</td>
<td>有点像 find()和 split()的结合体,从 str 出现的第一个位置起,把 字 符 串 string 分 成 一 个 3 元 素 的 元 组 (string_pre_str,str,string_post_str),如果 string 中不包含str 则 string_pre_str == string.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>string.replace</strong>(str1, str2, num=string.count(str1))</td>
<td>把 string 中的 str1 替换成 str2,如果 num 指定，则替换不超过 num 次.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string) )</td>
<td>类似于 find()函数，不过是从右边开始查找.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.rindex( str, beg=0,end=len(string))</td>
<td>类似于 index()，不过是从右边开始.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.rjust(width)</td>
<td>返回一个原字符串右对齐,并使用空格填充至长度 width 的新字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.rpartition(str)</td>
<td>类似于 partition()函数,不过是从右边开始查找.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.rstrip()</td>
<td>删除 string 字符串末尾的空格.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.rsplit(sep[,maxsplit])</td>
<td>与split相同，从右往左计算划分层次</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>string.split</strong>(str=””, num=string.count(str))</td>
<td>以 str 为分隔符切片 string，如果 num有指定值，则仅分隔 num 个子字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.splitlines([keepends])</td>
<td>按照行(‘\r’, ‘\r\n’, \n’)分隔，返回一个包含各行作为元素的列表，如果参数 keepends 为 False，不包含换行符，如果为 True，则保留换行符。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.startswith(obj, beg=0,end=len(string))</td>
<td>检查字符串是否是以 obj 开头，是则返回 True，否则返回 False。如果beg 和 end 指定值，则在指定范围内检查.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>string.strip</strong>([obj])</td>
<td>在 string 上执行 lstrip()和 rstrip()，默认删除开头和结尾的空格</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.swapcase()</td>
<td>翻转 string 中的大小写</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>string.title</strong>()</td>
<td>返回”标题化”的 string,就是说所有单词都是以大写开始，其余字母均为小写(见 istitle())</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.translate(str, del=””)</td>
<td>根据 str 给出的表(包含 256 个字符)转换 string 的字符,要过滤掉的字符放到 del 参数中</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.upper()</td>
<td>转换 string 中的小写字母为大写</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.zfill(width)</td>
<td>返回长度为 width 的字符串，原字符串 string 右对齐，前面填充0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string.isdecimal()</td>
<td>isdecimal()方法检查字符串是否只包含十进制字符。这种方法只存在于unicode对象。</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 id="三、List（列表）"><a href="#三、List（列表）" class="headerlink" title="三、List（列表）"></a>三、List（列表）</h4><h6 id="特点"><a href="#特点" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h6><ul>
<li><p>使用非常频繁，支持数字、字符、字符串甚至列表的集合结构。</p>
</li>
<li><p>增加或删除列表元素直接重新赋值给根据索引值取出的值，或通过append（）函数来添加。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>通过del 语句删除列表项，如：del list1[2]</p>
<h6 id="列表操作符"><a href="#列表操作符" class="headerlink" title="列表操作符"></a>列表操作符</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Python 表达式</th>
<th>结果</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>len([1, 2, 3])</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>长度</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6]</td>
<td>[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]</td>
<td>组合</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[‘Hi!’] * 4</td>
<td>[‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’]</td>
<td>重复</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3 in [1, 2, 3]</td>
<td>True</td>
<td>判断元素是否存在于列表中</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x,</td>
<td>1 2 3</td>
<td>迭代</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="列表截取"><a href="#列表截取" class="headerlink" title="列表截取"></a>列表截取</h6><blockquote>
<p>切片才是真正的拷贝，赋值只是贴上标签，原数值变了就跟着变</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Python 表达式</th>
<th>结果</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>L[2]</td>
<td>‘Taobao’</td>
<td>读取列表中第三个元素</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>L[-2]</td>
<td>‘Runoob’</td>
<td>读取列表中倒数第二个元素</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>L[1:]</td>
<td>[‘Runoob’, ‘Taobao’]</td>
<td>从第二个元素开始截取列表</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="操作列表的函数"><a href="#操作列表的函数" class="headerlink" title="操作列表的函数"></a>操作列表的函数</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>函数</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>cmp(list1, list2)</td>
<td>比较两个列表的元素</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>len(list)</td>
<td>列表元素个数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>max(list)</td>
<td>返回列表元素最大值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>min(list)</td>
<td>返回列表元素最小值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list(seq)</td>
<td>将元组转换为列表</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="列表的方法"><a href="#列表的方法" class="headerlink" title="列表的方法"></a>列表的方法</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>函数</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>list.append(obj)</td>
<td>在列表末尾添加新的对象</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list.clean()</td>
<td>删除列表中所有元素</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list.count(obj)</td>
<td>统计某个元素在列表中出现的次数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list.copy()</td>
<td>返回list的副本，浅复制</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list.extend(seq)</td>
<td>在列表末尾一次性追加另一个序列中的多个值（用新列表扩展原来的列表）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list.index(obj)</td>
<td>从列表中找出某个值第一个匹配项的索引位置</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list.insert(index, obj)</td>
<td>将对象插入列表</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list.pop(obj=list[-1])</td>
<td>移除列表中的一个元素（默认最后一个元素），并且返回该元素的值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list.remove(obj)</td>
<td>移除列表中某个值的第一个匹配项</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list.reverse()</td>
<td>反向列表中元素</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list.sort([func])</td>
<td>对原列表进行排序</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h6 id="创建二维数组"><a href="#创建二维数组" class="headerlink" title="创建二维数组"></a>创建二维数组</h6><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">c=[[0 for i in range(10)] for i in range(10)]<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="四、Tuple（元组）"><a href="#四、Tuple（元组）" class="headerlink" title="四、Tuple（元组）"></a>四、Tuple（元组）</h4><h6 id="与列表的区别"><a href="#与列表的区别" class="headerlink" title="与列表的区别"></a>与列表的区别</h6><ul>
<li>类似列表，但列表用[ ]标识，元组用()标识，并且列表元素可二次赋值，但元组元素不能。</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="元组的创建"><a href="#元组的创建" class="headerlink" title="元组的创建"></a>元组的创建</h6><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">tuple1 = (1,2,3,4)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>创建只有一个元素的元组：tuple（a，），必须要在元素后加逗号</p>
</blockquote>
<h6 id="元素的访问"><a href="#元素的访问" class="headerlink" title="元素的访问"></a>元素的访问</h6><ul>
<li>虽然创建时用（）包含，但是在访问单个元素时，与列表一样，通过[ 索引号 ]来访问</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="删除元组"><a href="#删除元组" class="headerlink" title="删除元组"></a>删除元组</h6><ul>
<li>元组中的单个元素不能被删除，但是元组可以通过del语句整个删除。</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</h6><ul>
<li>元组运算符（同列表）</li>
<li>任意无符号的对象，以逗号隔开，默认为元组（无关闭分隔符）</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="元关于组内置函数"><a href="#元关于组内置函数" class="headerlink" title="元关于组内置函数"></a>元关于组内置函数</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>函数</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>cmp(tuple1, tuple2)</td>
<td>比较两个元组元素。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>len(tuple)</td>
<td>计算元组元素个数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>max(tuple)</td>
<td>返回元组中元素最大值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>min(tuple)</td>
<td>返回元组中元素最小值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tuple(seq)</td>
<td>将列表转换为元组。</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 id="五、Dictionary（字典）"><a href="#五、Dictionary（字典）" class="headerlink" title="五、Dictionary（字典）"></a>五、Dictionary（字典）</h4><h6 id="与列表区别"><a href="#与列表区别" class="headerlink" title="与列表区别"></a>与列表区别</h6><ul>
<li>列表是有序的对象集合，字典是无序的对象结合。字典中的元素通过Key来获取，而列表中的元素通过位移来获取。字典是Python中唯一的映射类型</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="特点-1"><a href="#特点-1" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h6><ul>
<li>字典不讲顺序，只讲映射。列表只讲顺序</li>
<li>用大括号来定义，由多个建及其对应的值组成，每一对键值组合称为项</li>
<li>键是独一无二的</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="字典的创建"><a href="#字典的创建" class="headerlink" title="字典的创建"></a>字典的创建</h6><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">a = dict(one=1.two=2,three=3)
b = {'one':1,'two':2,'three':3}
c = dict(zip(['one','two','three'],[1,2,3]))
d = dict([('two':2),('one':1),('three':3)])
e = dict({'three':3,'one':1,'two:2'})
a==b==c==d==e
#输出True<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h6 id="迭代字典"><a href="#迭代字典" class="headerlink" title="迭代字典"></a>迭代字典</h6><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">for key,value n d.items():
    print(key,value)<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>


<h6 id="字典的方法"><a href="#字典的方法" class="headerlink" title="字典的方法"></a>字典的方法</h6><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>函数</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>clear()</td>
<td>用于清空字典中所有的 key-value 对，对一个字典执行 clear() 方法之后，该字典就会变成一个空字典。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>get()</td>
<td>方法其实就是根据 key 来获取 value，它相当于方括号语法的增强版，当使用方括号语法访问并不存在的 key 时，字典会引发 KeyError 错误；但如果使用 get() 方法访问不存在的 key，该方法会简单地返回 None，不会导致错误。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>update()</td>
<td>方法可使用一个字典所包含的 key-value 对来更新己有的字典。在执行 update() 方法时，如果被更新的字典中己包含对应的 key-value 对，那么原 value 会被覆盖；如果被更新的字典中不包含对应的 key-value 对，则该 key-value 对被添加进去。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>setdefault()</td>
<td>方法用于根据 key 来获取对应 value 的值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pop()</td>
<td>方法用于获取指定 key 对应的 value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fromkeys()</td>
<td>用于创建并且返回一个新的字典</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>keys()</td>
<td>返回字典中所有的键</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>values()</td>
<td>返回字典中所有的值</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>items()</td>
<td>返回字典中所有的键值对</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>iterkeys()</td>
<td>返回可用于对字典键迭代的可迭代对象</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>copy()</td>
<td>复制字典</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>popitem()</td>
<td>弹出键值对</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 id="六、集合"><a href="#六、集合" class="headerlink" title="六、集合"></a>六、集合</h4><h6 id="特点-2"><a href="#特点-2" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h6><ul>
<li>用大括号来定义，相比于字典，集合没有体现映射关系</li>
<li>集合里的元素具有唯一性</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="集合的创建"><a href="#集合的创建" class="headerlink" title="集合的创建"></a>集合的创建</h6><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">set1 = {"A","B","C"}
set2 = set(["A","B","C"])<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h6 id="访问集合"><a href="#访问集合" class="headerlink" title="访问集合"></a>访问集合</h6><pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">set1 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
for each in set1:
	print (each)
	
#in,not in判断一个元素是否在集合中
add（）和remove（）方法添加和删除集合中的元素
frozenset（）方法冻结集合<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
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